Apple manufacturing in India has reached unprecedented heights, but the narrative of India becoming “the next China” oversimplifies a far more nuanced strategic reality. Apple assembled US$22 billion worth of iPhones in India in the 12 months ended March, increasing production by nearly 60% over the previous year, marking a pivotal moment in global supply chain dynamics.

The transformation is remarkable by any measure. In the first half of 2025, iPhone production in India rose by 53% compared to the same timeframe in 2024, reaching nearly 23.9 million units. Exports from India surged as well, totalling US$22.56 billion, a substantial increase from US$14.71 billion the previous year.

For the first time in history, India overtook China to become the top exporter of smartphones to the US, with smartphones assembled in India accounting for 44% of US imports of those devices in the second quarter.

The geopolitical catalyst behind the shift

Apple’s accelerated pivot stems from mounting geopolitical pressures and market realities in China. Apple’s smartphone shipments in China fell 17% year-over-year, dropping from 51.8 million units in 2023 to 42.9 million in 2024.

The company’s Chinese market share has contracted dramatically, falling to 15% in China, behind Huawei’s 16% and top-ranking Vivo’s 17%. The decline isn’t merely cyclical. Local manufacturers have emerged as the primary beneficiaries, with government support through nationwide smartphone subsidy policies providing additional momentum for domestic brands.

Notably, Apple’s premium-priced iPhones were reportedly ineligible under the new subsidy scheme. The resurgence of Huawei, previously hampered by US sanctions, has particularly impacted Apple’s premium market position.

Patrick McGee, author of “Apple in China: The Capture of the World’s Greatest Company,” provides context to this shift. McGee argues that Apple is still far from withdrawing from China, having invested billions of dollars in talent and equipment in China, with the country’s authoritarian government now having more influence over Apple’s fate than any other country. His analysis reveals a fundamental dependency that extends beyond simple manufacturing.

India’s manufacturing momentum and limitations

India’s rise as an Apple manufacturing hub has been swift but faces inherent constraints. Apple and its suppliers are aiming for a significant shift in global iPhone production, with plans to assemble 32% of global output and 26% of its value in India by 2026-27. The ambitious target could see India’s iPhone production value rise beyond US$34 billion.

However, the reality on the ground reveals some challenges. India’s manufacturing ecosystem is less mature than China’s, with supply chain inefficiencies and a less experienced workforce combining to slow scalability. Indian factories still face many problems, including low iPhone yield rates (only about 50%) and hygiene issues.

Manufacturing executives acknowledge the limitations, and the infrastructure gap remains substantial. While iPhone assembly lines in China work on two 12-hour shifts, Indian labour laws force Apple supply chain partners to have three eight-hour shifts, requiring them to employ more workers.

Quality control presents another hurdle, with Apple having to reject almost half the production out of one partner in India as it failed to meet standards.

The supplement strategy: Why complete replacement isn’t feasible

The evidence suggests India serves as a strategic supplement rather than a wholesale replacement for China. While Apple has been able to build iPhones in India, it’s only a tiny percentage of its needs; it’s only final assembly processes for now, and it will take years to reach any significance in numbers. Surprisingly, many of Apple’s factories in India are Chinese subsidiaries that followed Apple to the continent.

Apple’s dependency on China extends beyond final assembly. Ten years ago, Apple relied on China primarily for final assembly, while today, Apple not only assembles devices in China, but it also sources many components from the country. This deep integration means that even Indian-assembled iPhones rely heavily on Chinese components and expertise.

The scale disparity is telling. India could reach about 15%-20% of overall iPhone production by the end of 2025, while China still accounts for the majority of Apple iPhone production. Even Apple’s most ambitious projections suggest India will handle approximately 25% of global iPhone production by 2027 – significant, but hardly a complete replacement.

Market dynamics and strategic positioning

Apple’s India strategy represents sophisticated risk management rather than abandoning China. As of late 2024, 15% of iPhones are now produced in India, up from just 5% two years prior. Its measured approach reflects practical constraints and strategic thinking.

The geopolitical environment continues to shape decisions. President Donald Trump laid out US “reciprocal tariff” rates on more than 180 countries, with China facing a 34% tariff and India pegged at 26%. However, the tariff differentials don’t eliminate the fundamental challenges of replicating China’s manufacturing ecosystem elsewhere.

Apple’s approach mirrors broader industry trends. Samsung Electronics and Motorola have also been striving to move assembly for US-bound smartphones to India, though their shift has been significantly slower and is limited in scale compared with Apple, indicating systemic challenges in scaling alternative manufacturing hubs.

The path forward: Coexistence, not replacement

The most realistic scenario involves sustained coexistence rather than replacement. The end goal for Apple is to have about half of iPhone production in India and half in China, according to industry analysis. A balance recognises the strategic necessity of diversification and the practical impossibility of complete disengagement from China.

Apple’s investment trajectory supports this interpretation. Apple announced a US$500 billion investment in US facilities and is establishing new production lines in Vietnam for AirPods, Apple Watch, and MacBook parts: a multi-hub strategy rather than a simple China-to-India migration.

The company’s approach to component sourcing reinforces this complexity. Assembly is the final stage of iPhone production, with hundreds of components sourced from China. As final assembly shifts geographically, the underlying supply chain remains integrated with Chinese manufacturers.

Conclusion: Redefining the narrative

Apple’s manufacturing shift to India represents neither the wholesale replacement of China nor a simple geographical arbitrage. Instead, it reflects a sophisticated strategy of supply chain resilience, market access optimisation, and geopolitical risk management.

The success of Apple’s diversification strategy shouldn’t be measured by India’s ability to completely replace China, but rather by its capacity to provide strategic alternatives, serve specific market demands, and contribute to overall supply chain resilience. In this context, India’s emergence as an Apple manufacturing hub represents a strategic success.

The India-China dynamic in Apple’s supply chain will likely remain complementary rather than competitive, with each region serving distinct strategic purposes in the company’s broader manufacturing ecosystem.

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Huawei is expected to unveil a technology that could lessen China’s dependence on high-bandwidth memory (HBM) chips for running artificial intelligence reasoning models, according to the state-run Securities Times.

As reported by the South China Morning Post, the announcement will be made at the 2025 Financial AI Reasoning Application Landing and Development Forum in Shanghai today. The event focuses on AI in the financial sector.

Huawei did not respond to a request for comment on Monday. If confirmed, the development would mark another step by the US-sanctioned company in strengthening China’s AI hardware capabilities and reducing reliance on foreign technology.

HBM chips are a key component in advanced AI systems, particularly for running reasoning models. The models take an already-trained AI system and apply it to real-world data, making decisions based on patterns the AI has learned. HBM is important for these workloads because it can move large amounts of data quickly between the processor and memory.

The current market for HBM is dominated by US companies Micron and AMD, as well as South Korean firms Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix. The chips are often integrated directly into AI processors used in data centres.

China’s two main memory chip producers, Yangtze Memory Technologies and Changxin Memory Technologies, have expanded their capabilities, but analysts say they are still behind their US and Korean competitors in technical performance. That gap has left China dependent on imports for the most advanced HBM products, an issue made more pressing by US export controls on advanced chipmaking tools and technologies.

While China works to strengthen its domestic supply chain, demand for HBM worldwide is rising sharply. Orders have surged as major tech companies build more AI data centres.

Micron, one of the top HBM producers, raised its forecast for fourth-quarter revenue and profit on Monday, citing strong demand for AI infrastructure. The company now predicts $11.2 billion revenue, plus or minus $100 million, up on its earlier estimate of $10.7 billion. Adjusted earnings per share are forecast at $2.85, plus or minus 7 cents, up from a prior estimate of $2.50.

Micron also increased its adjusted gross margin outlook to 44.5%, from 42%, plus or minus 1%, pointing to stronger pricing notably in DRAM product lines.

“We look at all of our different end markets around the world, the pricing trends have been robust, and we have had great success in being able to push that pricing up,” said Sumit Sadana, Micron’s chief business officer, during an industry event on Monday.

Analysts say the combination of limited HBM supply and surging AI demand has allowed producers to raise prices – a reversal from past years when memory chipmakers faced shrinking margins.

SK Hynix, another leading HBM supplier, expects the market for AI-focused memory chips to grow by about 30% per year until 2030.

Trade measures could still affect the sector. The US recently imposed 100% tariffs on certain imported chips, although the duties will not apply to companies that manufacture in the US or have committed to doing so.

In June, Micron said it would increase its planned US investment by $30 billion, bringing its total commitment to $200 billion in the country.

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According to a report from ProPublica, the American technology company has employed a number of engineers in China to maintain the US Department of Defense’s computer systems. The report claims there has been “minimal supervision by US personnel” – that is, until now. Microsoft is reportedly revising its operations, phasing out Chinese-based engineers who provide technical support. The shift in strategy is said to reduce potential risks to US national security.

The tech and trade war between the US and China has been developing over a number of years, with both states introducing stringent laws and regulations, as well as strict national security policies. These have limited the amount of access both markets have, thus reducing prospective opportunities.

The latest move comes after research from Microsoft discovered Chinese “threat actors,” including “state-sponsored hackers” have been at work in its systems. The tech giant has claimed that threat actors have exploited security vulnerabilities in the company’s SharePoint document-sharing servers. Further research found that hundreds of government agencies and organisations had been breached. However, Microsoft has not confirmed this is the reason for suspending the China-based engineers.

Dutch cybersecurity company Eye Security have so far uncovered 400 breached agencies, commenting that they “may continue to rise as investigations progress.” The National Nuclear Security Administration, which manages nuclear weapons, was confirmed as one of the victims, with malware campaigns also being targeted against local US governments.

Posting on social media, Frank Shaw, Microsoft’s Chief Communications Officer, commented on the latest, saying, “In response to concerns raised earlier this week about US-supervised foreign engineers, Microsoft has made changes to our support for US Government customers to assure that no China-based engineering teams are providing technical assistance for DoD Government cloud and related services.”

The engineers were reportedly being supervised by ‘digital escorts,’ typically with lower skill levels than the engineers they were monitoring. Sources state that many ‘escorts’ previously served in the military but have limited coding knowledge and experience.

Although the arrangement has operated for close to a decade, most former government officials reported being unfamiliar with the practice. Deven King, a spokesperson for the Defense Information Systems Agency, confirmed this, saying, “Literally no one seems to know anything about this, so I don’t know where to go from here.”

A Microsoft spokesperson defended the digital escorts, saying, “For some technical requests, Microsoft engages our team of global subject-matter experts to provide support through authorised US personnel, consistent with US Government requirements and processes. In these instances, global support personnel have no direct access to customer data or customer systems. Only authorised US persons with the appropriate clearances and training provide direct support. The personnel are provided specific training on protecting sensitive data, preventing harm, and use of the specific commands/controls in the environment.”

Inside Microsoft’s decision to hire engineers in China

Microsoft is known for having a large presence in China. In March 2025, it announced plans to outsource further work to China to meet the growing demands for cloud and AI solutions. Microsoft also stated it was expanding its manufacturing operations in Shenzhen to develop a range of AI-powered technology, including edge computing products and smart devices.

China is known for its substantial network of technology suppliers, advanced manufacturing facilities, and pool of specialists. This has made it a key region for large companies like Microsoft that are seeking to increase production and operations at the lowest possible cost.

Microsoft’s employment of Chinese staff comes with risks as geopolitical tensions continue between the US and China. US tech companies face scrutiny of their operations in China, with potential harm to supply chains needing to be carefully navigated.

A 2024 Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey highlighted several key reasons why many US tech companies hire Chinese staff despite concerns. As well as cost efficiency, with China offering cheaper resources than some western countries, China produces a vast number of STEM graduates each year. These provide a large pool of skilled professionals in key tech fields like development, AI, and data analytics.

The survey discovered that 83% of executives are using AI in their outsourcing strategies. China is a country at the forefront of AI and automation, making it an attractive location to integrate such technologies and hire experts in various technological domains.

China’s role in US tech

US based companies including Indeed, Oracle, Amazon Web Services, and Meta, all of which have been involved with the Department of Defense in some capacity, also operate or have operated in China. Each company has built AI partnerships in China, and hired local employees, though not to the extent of Microsoft. However, there is currently no public record nor confirmed reporting that companies hired Chinese staff for defense-related projects, leaving Microsoft in a unique position.

With Microsoft’s employment of foreign engineers on sensitive defense systems set to be probed by the Pentagon, the company has taken steps to remove the outsourced personnel. However, this could become a “national embarrassment” for Microsoft, according to Michael Lucci, CEO and founder of State Armor Action, a conservative group working to create and promote state-level plans to deal with global security problems.

The implications from this investigation could be far-reaching, particularly for other tech firms holding defense or intelligence contracts. These are likely to come under similar intense scrutiny as federal agencies continue their push to close any potential vulnerabilities in technology and outsourcing supply chains.

(Image source: “us army rangers” by ru tactical is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. )

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Chinese-linked hacking groups have stepped up efforts to spy on Taiwan’s semiconductor industry and the analysts who follow it. According to cybersecurity firm Proofpoint, at least three China-aligned groups ran separate campaigns from March to June this year, with some activity still ongoing.

The goal isn’t new – stealing information about chipmakers has been happening for years. But this time, researchers say the scale and intensity have grown, and some targets have been hit for the first time.

“We’ve seen entities that we hadn’t ever seen being targeted in the past being targeted,” said Mark Kelly, a threat researcher at Proofpoint who focuses on China-related activity.

The increase in incidents comes as Washington tightens restrictions on exporting US-designed chips to China. Most chips are made in Taiwan, the country home to some of the industry’s biggest players. China has been working to replace those imports as access becomes more limited, especially for chips used in AI.

Proofpoint didn’t name specific companies, but said about 15 to 20 organisations were affected. That includes smaller businesses, large global firms, and analysts working for at least one international bank based in the US.

Taiwan’s top chipmakers include TSMC, MediaTek, UMC, Nanya, and RealTek. TSMC and the others declined to comment.

Reuters couldn’t confirm which firms were targeted or whether any of the attempts worked.

In an emailed response, a spokesperson for China’s embassy in Washington said cyberattacks are a global issue and that China opposes all forms of cybercrime.

The tactics used varied. In some cases, attackers sent just one or two emails to specific individuals. In others, they blasted up to 80 emails to gather information in an entire company, Kelly said.

One group focused on chip design, manufacturing, and supply chain companies. They hijacked email accounts from Taiwanese universities, posed as job seekers, and sent malware through PDF attachments or links leading to infected files.

Another group targeted financial analysts at major investment firms. They posed as staff from a fake investment company and reached out with requests for collaboration. Two of the groups behind the campaigns are based in Asia, while the third is in the US, according to Proofpoint.

Taiwanese cybersecurity firm TeamT5 also reported a rise in email-based threats against the local chip sector. A spokesperson said the activity has gone up, but it’s not yet a broad or widespread trend.

Attempts to breach chipmakers and their supply chains are nothing new. “The targeting of semiconductors and the supply chain around them is a persistent threat,” said the TeamT5 representative. Groups tied to China, they added, have long shown interest in these industries and often target suppliers or related firms.

In one case from June, a group known as “Amoeba” launched a phishing campaign against an unnamed chemical company involved in chip production. The attack, spotted by TeamT5, followed a familiar playbook: reach out with convincing emails and slip in malware to gain access.

Cybersecurity experts say these incidents show a consistent pattern – hit not just the big companies, but the smaller players they rely on. Whether it’s raw materials, logistics, or consulting, attackers often aim for the edges of the supply chain where defences may be weaker.

While the full impact of these campaigns isn’t yet clear, the growing number of attempts points to one thing: Taiwan’s chip sector remains a high-value target.

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Huawei is quietly trying to sell small batches of its AI chips to countries in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, Bloomberg reported. The goal is to get a foot in the door in markets where Nvidia dominates — even as Huawei faces limits on how many chips it can make.

Sources familiar with the situation say Huawei has approached potential buyers in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand to offer its older Ascend 910B processors. Both Gulf nations have already signed large, multi-year deals to buy chips from Nvidia and AMD. Thailand also relies heavily on Nvidia for its AI work.

Huawei is offering thousands of 910Bs, though exact numbers vary depending on the pitch. It’s also trying to interest buyers by giving them remote access to a more advanced AI system called CloudMatrix 384. That system runs on Huawei’s newer Ascend 910C chips, which it isn’t exporting yet due to tight supply. Those newer chips are mainly being reserved for customers in China that can’t buy US chips.

So far, no deals have been finalised. But insiders say the effort shows Huawei wants to get its AI hardware in front of foreign buyers while it works to ramp up production. Washington is paying close attention too, as US officials push for American-made tech to be the foundation of future AI systems. Huawei’s own estimates — and those from the US — suggest its Ascend chips are still at least a generation behind Nvidia.

Moving old chips before they lose value

Part of the urgency may come from Huawei’s inventory. The company reportedly stockpiled nearly 3 million Ascend 910B dies from Taiwan’s TSMC before export controls tightened. Moving this older stock now allows Huawei to recover value before the chips become outdated — and gives it a chance to gather feedback from early adopters before newer chips like the 910C and 910D are ready to scale. It also helps Huawei quietly establish itself in regions where US chipmakers have a strong grip.

In the UAE, interest has been low. People familiar with the matter say even institutions like the Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI haven’t shown much enthusiasm. Thai officials didn’t respond to questions, and the status of talks there remains unclear.

Huawei has also been in talks to supply about 3,000 chips to Malaysia, according to earlier reports. The status of that project isn’t known. In Saudi Arabia, conversations with government-linked groups like the Saudi Data & AI Authority (SDAIA) appear to be more advanced. However, a SDAIA spokesperson said they couldn’t comment because it’s not currently within their scope.

Gulf nations invest in AI infrastructure

The Middle East, especially the Gulf, is fast becoming a hotspot for AI development. Saudi Arabia is backing its AI efforts through the Public Investment Fund and SDAIA, building new infrastructure and university programs tied to its Vision 2030 goals. In the UAE, MBZUAI has launched new partnerships with international research institutions and rolled out its own large language models. The region is positioning itself as a home for sovereign AI systems, drawing interest — and competition — from both Washington and Beijing.

One former US official said Huawei can only produce about 200,000 AI chips this year, mostly for customers in China — where demand is over one million units. That number doesn’t include the 2.9 million older chips Huawei stockpiled from Taiwan’s chipmaker TSMC.

But US officials aren’t taking much comfort in those numbers. Commerce Under Secretary Jeffrey Kessler told lawmakers that China’s limited output doesn’t mean it lacks global ambitions.

Huawei declined to comment on these efforts, which are based on conversations with several sources who asked not to be named. The company previously said it hasn’t shipped Ascend chips to Malaysia. Malaysian officials have also distanced themselves from the reported deal.

The US is paying close attention to AI infrastructure deals in the Gulf and Southeast Asia, in part because of those regions’ strong relationships with China. Washington has urged countries to avoid Huawei chips and offered US alternatives, though those come with strings attached — and those conditions are still being sorted out.

That balancing act is especially visible in Southeast Asia, where countries like Malaysia and Thailand are trying to stay neutral. Malaysia is home to major chip assembly and testing operations and is now attracting investments to support AI data centres. Penang, in particular, is drawing interest from global players like Intel and Infineon. While these countries rely on the US for high-end technology, they also have long-standing trade ties with China — making them cautious about taking sides in the tech standoff.

US delays new export controls

Back in May, the Trump administration announced plans to change how export rules are handled, but disagreements inside the government have slowed that process. The Commerce Department has written a draft rule that would extend export controls to Malaysia and Thailand, but it hasn’t taken effect. It also wouldn’t fully replace the earlier rules set under President Biden.

At the same time, the Commerce Department hasn’t approved chip sales tied to Trump’s recent trip to the Gulf, which included AI deals worth billions. US export rules already require licenses for AI chip sales to the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and others since last year. Nvidia declined to comment, and AMD and the Commerce Department didn’t respond.

Some Trump officials believe Huawei’s chip offers make it more urgent to approve US sales now. They say the risk is that Huawei will build relationships now and ship more chips later. Others argue there’s no need to rush — and that selling too many chips could still benefit Beijing. They believe Nvidia’s dominance gives Washington the upper hand to set strict conditions.

In their view, the fact that Huawei is only offering a few thousand older chips, and not its best ones, is a sign that the US still has time to act carefully.

In Saudi Arabia, where one government-backed AI fund has said it would drop China ties if asked by the US, Huawei has worked closely with local groups on AI. But it’s unclear whether that will lead to a chip deal — or how Washington might react if it does.

Ongoing trade restrictions still apply

Earlier this year, the Commerce Department warned that using Huawei’s Ascend chips anywhere in the world could violate US rules, since the chips rely on American tech. After pushback from Beijing, the US dropped that specific language, though it still warns that unlicensed use of Ascend 910B, 910C, or future models like the 910D could lead to penalties.

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US tariffs on Chinese goods are forcing Malaysian manufacturers to rethink how they manage their supply chains. With more restrictions on trade, companies in Malaysia are seeing both new chances and new problems. Some are getting a boost from foreign investment, while others are struggling with higher costs and parts that are harder to get, especially when their supply chains are linked to China.

In an interview, Ben Lim, Senior Country Manager for Malaysia at Epicor, said, “Malaysia is in a unique position. Our manufacturers are definitely feeling the ripple effects of these trade barriers.”

One big issue is visibility. Many manufacturers don’t have a clear picture of where their parts come from or how exposed they are to tariffs. Lim said, “It’s hard for them to trace where components come from or understand how exposed they are to new tariffs.” This is especially true for companies using old systems that can’t handle fast changes. “Legacy systems don’t offer the flexibility to simulate tariff impacts or help businesses adjust quickly,” he added.

Costs are also rising. When tariffs hit materials at the start of the supply chain, those extra charges flow through production and hurt profit margins. At the same time, manufacturers are being asked to meet stricter rules. They need to keep more records and track things like carbon emissions across the entire supply chain. This adds even more work and requires better systems.

Trying to beat future tariffs, some companies are rushing orders, which is clogging up logistics and delaying shipments. Lim said regional trade deals like RCEP and CPTPP may help businesses cut down their reliance on a single country. These deals can open up access to other markets and give more options when routes get blocked.

He also pointed out that new tools can help manufacturers stay ahead. Supply chain systems and ERP platforms with real-time features let companies plan around problems and keep things moving. Government tax breaks and grants are also available, but Lim said many businesses don’t make full use of them.

Not all the changes happening are short term. While some of the moves are just reactions to new tariffs, others are part of a longer shift. “If you take a broader or bird’s-eye view, I believe this moment is actually transformative for many Malaysian manufacturers,” Lim said. Companies are rethinking where they build and how they ship, and Malaysia is starting to show up more often in those long-term plans. Its central location in Southeast Asia and skilled labor base are part of the reason.

Lim also said the government has set a goal to grow manufacturing’s role in the economy. One estimate puts GDP growth from this sector at 61% by 2030. “There is real momentum, but it’s also exposing a lack of transparency and slow reaction times,” he said.

When demand jumps, so do the problems. Manufacturers can’t just increase output overnight. Lim said, “We’re seeing bottlenecks in logistics, compliance overload, and shortages of skilled workers.” He pointed to past examples during COVID, when similar issues popped up. Now they’re back, and this time the rules are even tighter.

“We’re seeing more rules around ESG, sustainability, documentation, and certifications. These come on top of customs paperwork and other local laws,” he said. Many manufacturers don’t have the people or the systems in place to manage all of it.

He also warned about how companies are using data. Many still work with disconnected systems. Different departments might track things in their own Excel sheets, which causes delays and mistakes. “When data isn’t current, it doesn’t help you make good decisions. It just creates more problems,” Lim said.

One way out of this is to use cloud-based systems. These allow businesses to share real-time updates, work across countries, and stay secure. Cloud platforms also shift costs from upfront spending to regular payments, which is easier to manage. Lim gave the example of a customer using Epicor ERP in both Malaysia and the US. The two teams operate in different time zones but share the same system. This makes better use of resources.

Cloud platforms can also roll out updates faster. Security tools and new features reach users sooner, which matters when threats and rules change fast. “Cybersecurity is a growing concern,” Lim said. “It’s not just about having a good system. You need one that protects your data and keeps your operations going when something hits.”

Another growing challenge is sustainability. Lim said this isn’t just a trend—it’s becoming a requirement. European customers, for example, want proof of how much carbon was used to make a product. One Malaysian firm that makes plastic stretch film is tracking carbon data from start to finish. “Every roll they produce is made to order. They track carbon emissions from the raw materials all the way to shipment. That data is printed on a QR code attached to the product,” Lim said. This helps meet customer and legal demands.

Lim added that working in the cloud helps with sustainability reporting too. The systems can store and sort the data in one place, which makes it easier to prepare reports when needed.

The conversation also turned to the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone. Lim said manufacturers should think about how to benefit from it, not just be included in it. Johor could be used for high-volume production, while Singapore could host R&D or regional HQ functions. That mix makes the most of both locations.

“Companies should also look at the tax incentives,” he said. Malaysia offers a corporate tax rate as low as 5% for up to 15 years for high-value manufacturing. But again, many businesses overlook these benefits.

Training is another key area. Johor plans to create 20,000 skilled jobs and attract 50 major projects in the next five years. Local programs from groups like the Johor Talent Development Council are already running. “Upskilling is not just nice to have anymore. It’s necessary,” Lim said.

He summed it up by saying manufacturers that align their operations with new policies, invest in useful tech, and focus on building skills are more likely to benefit in the long run. “Change is constant,” Lim said. “It’s tariffs today, but something else could come tomorrow. Being prepared is what matters.”

For manufacturers in Malaysia, staying competitive now means planning for what’s next, not just fixing what’s urgent.

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Nvidia finds itself making yet another calculated move to stay relevant in China’s lucrative AI market. Despite facing successive waves of export restrictions from both the Biden and Trump administrations, the Nvidia budget Blackwell chip represents the company’s persistent efforts to thread the needle between geopolitical compliance and commercial survival. 

The semiconductor giant is preparing to launch a significantly cheaper version of its cutting-edge Blackwell architecture specifically for the Chinese market, according to Reuters sources—a strategic pivot that raises critical questions about whether accommodation and compromise can sustain competitiveness in a market increasingly dominated by domestic players like Huawei.

The GPU will be part of Nvidia’s latest generation Blackwell-architecture AI processors and is expected to be priced between $6,500 and $8,000, well below the $10,000-$12,000 the H20 sold for, representing a substantial discount that reflects both market pressures and technical compromises. 

Mass production is planned to start as early as June, marking another attempt by the American chip designer to navigate increasingly restrictive US export controls. Frankly, the pricing strategy for this Nvidia budget Blackwell variant tells a story of pragmatic adaptation to geopolitical realities. 

The lower price reflects its weaker specifications and simpler manufacturing requirements. It will be based on Nvidia’s RTX Pro 6000D, a server-class graphics processor, and will use conventional GDDR7 memory instead of more advanced high bandwidth memory. 

Notably, it would not use Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing’s advanced Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate (CoWoS) packaging technology, further reducing both capabilities and costs. This development comes after a tumultuous period for Nvidia in China.

After the US effectively banned the H20 in April, Nvidia considered developing a downgraded version for China, sources said, but the plan didn’t move forward. The company’s previous flagship offering for China, the H20 chip, faced an effective ban in April 2025, forcing Nvidia to write down approximately $5.5 billion in inventory and commitments.

The Huawei challenge intensifies

The competitive landscape in China has shifted dramatically, with Huawei emerging as a formidable rival. Nvidia’s CEO has revealed that the firm’s share in the China market has almost halved after the Biden-era export restrictions, while Huawei’s Ascend series is gaining traction among major Chinese technology companies.

Huawei’s Ascend 910C and 910B AI chips have been adopted by companies like Tencent, Baidu, and ByteDance for inference workloads.

The Chinese telecommunications giant has also introduced infrastructure solutions that directly compete with Nvidia’s offerings, including the “CloudMatrix 384” rack system in direct competition with Nvidia’s recently announced Blackwell GB200 NVL72 configuration.

The competitive dynamics have become particularly evident in pricing battles. Previous reports indicated that H20 chips being sold in some cases at an over 10% discount to Huawei’s Ascend 910B, demonstrating the pressure Nvidia faces in maintaining market position against increasingly capable domestic alternatives.

Market stakes and strategic implications

China represents a massive market opportunity that Nvidia cannot afford to lose entirely.  Nvidia’s CEO Jensen Huang put the market potential in China at around 50 billion US dollars, making it a critical revenue source despite ongoing restrictions. 

China has been one of the company’s biggest markets, and it recorded more than $17 billion in sales there in 2024. However, the strategic calculus is complex. According to two of the sources, Nvidia is also developing another Blackwell-architecture chip for China that is set to begin production as early as September, suggesting the company is pursuing multiple product lines to address different market segments and regulatory requirements.

The broader implications extend beyond immediate revenue concerns. Huang acknowledged that “China is not behind” and “China is right behind us. We’re very, very close” in AI capabilities, highlighting the intensifying technological competition between American and Chinese semiconductor ecosystems.

Regulatory tightrope and future uncertainties

Nvidia’s product development strategy must navigate an increasingly complex regulatory environment. The Nvidia budget Blackwell chip represents the company’s third attempt to create compliant products for the Chinese market following successive waves of US export restrictions. 

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said last week the company’s older Hopper architecture — which the H20 uses — can no longer accommodate further modifications under current U.S. export restrictions.

The ongoing uncertainty around trade policies adds another layer of complexity. Recent reports suggest the Trump administration is considering bilateral negotiation approaches that could create even more unpredictable market conditions for technology companies operating across geopolitical boundaries.

Critical questions ahead

As Nvidia prepares to launch its budget Blackwell offering, several critical questions emerge. Can a significantly downgraded chip compete effectively against Huawei’s advancing capabilities? Will Chinese customers accept performance compromises when domestic alternatives are rapidly improving? 

Most importantly, does this strategy represent a sustainable long-term approach or merely a delaying action in an increasingly challenging market? The answers will likely determine not just Nvidia’s future in China, but also the broader trajectory of technological competition between American and Chinese AI ecosystems. 

With Chinese companies investing heavily in domestic alternatives and government support backing local innovation, Nvidia’s window for maintaining meaningful market share may be narrowing faster than anticipated.

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The dramatic collapse in Chinese smartphone exports to the United States signals a fundamental shift in global technology supply chains, as manufacturers scramble to avoid punitive tariffs that have reached as high as 145% on Chinese goods.

According to detailed customs data released Tuesday, smartphone shipments from China to the US plummeted 72% to just under US$700 million in April—the lowest level recorded since 2011. 

This steep decline far exceeded the overall 21% drop in Chinese exports to America, highlighting how the tech sector has become ground zero in the escalating trade confrontation between the world’s two largest economies.

The smartphone export collapse underscores the far-reaching impact of the Trump administration’s aggressive tariff campaign, which has fundamentally disrupted established manufacturing networks that took decades to build. 

What began as targeted trade measures has evolved into a comprehensive reshaping of how and where consumer electronics are produced. Apple, whose iPhones represent a significant portion of the affected exports, has been particularly active in diversifying its manufacturing base. 

The company has accelerated production shifts to India, which has emerged as the primary beneficiary of this supply chain realignment. Data from China’s General Administration of Customs, as quoted by Bloomberg, reveals that smartphone component exports to India roughly quadrupled over the past year, illustrating the speed of this transition.

Unfortunately, this geographic diversification strategy faces new complications. President Trump recently criticised Apple’s India expansion, urging the company to bring iPhone manufacturing to the United States instead. 

Such a move would represent a seismic shift for Apple, which has never produced the iPhone domestically—a transition that industry experts consider unfeasible in the short term given the complexity of modern smartphone manufacturing and the specialized supplier ecosystem concentrated in Asia.

The broader implications extend well beyond individual companies. Last year’s trade data shows smartphones ranked as the top US import from China, alongside laptop computers and lithium-ion batteries, collectively representing hundreds of billions in annual commerce. 

In the opposite direction, American exports to China included liquid petroleum gas, oil, soybeans, gas turbines, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment. This bilateral trade relationship, valued at $690 billion in 2024, now faces unprecedented strain. 

Investors increasingly worry about a full-scale global trade war that could decimate entire industries while driving up consumer prices across multiple product categories. Recent developments suggest tensions will likely intensify rather than ease. 

Beijing this week accused the Trump administration of undermining trade talks in Geneva by pursuing new sanctions targeting Huawei Technologies’ AI chips. Such moves indicate that technology remains at the centre of US-China strategic competition, with semiconductors and advanced electronics serving as both economic assets and national security concerns.

The smartphone industry’s experience offers a preview of broader supply chain transformations likely to unfold across multiple sectors. As manufacturers seek to reduce exposure to tariff risks, traditional production hubs face the prospect of losing market share to alternative locations offering greater political stability and trade access.

For consumers, these shifts translate into potentially higher prices and longer product development cycles as companies navigate new regulatory environments and establish alternative supplier relationships. The ultimate question remains whether these disruptions will create more resilient, diversified supply chains or simply fragment global markets along geopolitical lines.

Ultimately, the April data represents more than statistical fluctuation—it signals a fundamental reconfiguration of how global technology products reach American consumers, with implications that will likely persist long after current trade disputes are resolved.

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NVIDIA and Foxconn have partnered to launch Taiwan’s first AI supercomputing hub. The facility will run on 10,000 of NVIDIA’s latest Blackwell GPUs. It’s part of a wider push to expand AI infrastructure to fulfil the rising demand across industries such as autonomous driving, healthcare, and industrial automation.

The hub is being built with support from Taiwan’s government and involvement from TSMC. This setup strengthens Taiwan’s position as a centre for chip production and AI development. The move comes as NVIDIA looks to expand its AI footprint in Asia, not just as a chip provider but as a builder of end-to-end systems.

Executives say the hub will also offer services to nearby countries, making it a regional resource. The location allows fast access to Asian tech markets while building stronger ties between NVIDIA and Taiwanese partners. The long-term goal is to use the site as a model for future hubs in Asia.

Domestic production ramps up with AI chip manufacturing in the US

NVIDIA will start making AI chips in the United States. It is setting up facilities in Arizona and Texas, that measure more than one million square feet. This marks a shift from its long-standing reliance on overseas production.

The move is a response to supply chain issues and growing pressure for US-based tech manufacturing. It’s also in line with the Biden administration’s push to bring semiconductor work back to American soil. Local production should help NVIDIA serve clients faster and with fewer delays.

More control over its supply chain could also make NVIDIA less vulnerable to geopolitical issues. With chip demand at an all-time high, having domestic production could help the company meet deadlines and fulfil large contracts without disruptions.

NVIDIA hasn’t confirmed exactly when chip output will begin, but analysts say the move will give the company a hedge against potential export restrictions or global shipping problems. It also gives enterprise customers added confidence that supply will remain stable.

Houston repositions itself as a high-tech manufacturing base

Houston, long known for oil and gas, is now drawing attention from AI hardware makers. NVIDIA and Apple are both building facilities in the area. This shift shows how old industrial cities are changing their focus to stay relevant.

These factories will support chip packaging, testing, and possibly full AI systems. For cities like Houston, it means new jobs, a more diverse economy, and a chance to stay active in global tech supply chains.

What’s happening in Houston is playing out in other places too. Other regions with strong logistics networks and industrial space are seeing renewed interest as tech companies expand beyond Silicon Valley. The local government is encouraging this move with tax breaks and land use incentives.

Community groups have raised questions about how these new roles will be filled. Will local colleges update training programs to meet the demand for tech workers? Or will companies need to bring in talent from other states? These questions are still open.

Digital twin technology reshapes AI factory design

NVIDIA’s Omniverse Blueprint helps design and test AI factories in virtual space before anything is built. This “digital twin” approach cuts down on waste, speeds up planning, and lowers risk.

The company is now working with Siemens and Delta Electronics to improve this tool. Engineers can use it to simulate equipment layout, worker flow, and even energy use. For a large AI factory, this kind of early modelling can save time and money.

It’s also part of a shift toward smarter construction. Using digital twins, companies can adjust factory plans without having to halt physical work. That makes it easier to scale operations or fix bottlenecks early in the process.

Companies using Omniverse say it helps avoid miscommunication between design and operations teams. Once a design is finalised in the virtual space, it can move to real-world construction with fewer changes.

NVLink Fusion enables custom AI infrastructure at scale

NVIDIA has also launched NVLink Fusion, a new way to connect its GPUs to outside chips. This lets tech companies build custom servers that match their specific needs.

The change means large firms no longer have to choose between off-the-shelf solutions or building from scratch. Instead, they can work with NVIDIA to design systems that fit their AI workloads. It’s a shift toward modular and flexible infrastructure.

NVLink Fusion is likely to benefit industries with high compute needs, such as robotics, healthcare imaging, and weather prediction. Companies can build systems that handle large models faster and more efficiently.

By offering more control over the design of AI systems, NVLink Fusion could also help firms reduce energy use or data centre space. The push for efficiency is becoming more urgent as AI models grow in size and complexity.

Strategic partnerships cement NVIDIA’s global AI influence

Saudi Arabia has signed a deal with NVIDIA to buy 18,000 Blackwell GPUs. The deal is part of a broader plan by the country’s Public Investment Fund to grow its AI footprint. The chips will be used by a local firm named Humain, backed by the fund.

This agreement shows how demand for AI infrastructure is now a global concern, not just limited to North America or East Asia. Countries with capital to spend want their own AI stack, and NVIDIA is well placed to sell to them.

Saudi Arabia is also investing in local training and research to support this rollout. The aim is not just to buy tech but to develop the skills and systems to use it locally.

Regional analysts say the country wants to use this infrastructure to attract global AI research and help incubate homegrown startups. NVIDIA’s involvement lends credibility to the project, making it more appealing to foreign investors.

Europe’s “AI gigafactories” and the InvestAI initiative

In Europe, NVIDIA is part of a public-private effort to build AI capacity. The InvestAI initiative will spend €200 billion on infrastructure. Plans include up to five “AI gigafactories,” each with at least 100,000 GPUs.

The idea is to make Europe less reliant on American or Chinese tech. While details are still early, the scale of the project suggests Europe sees AI as central to future economic strength and digital sovereignty.

These factories would support sectors like climate science, finance, and medical research. If completed as planned, they would give the EU one of the largest GPU deployments in the world.

The challenge will be execution. Power supply, cooling systems, talent recruitment, and data regulation all need attention. NVIDIA’s role may shift from supplier to co-designer as Europe firms up plans.

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Earth Day serves as a reminder that sustainability must be a shared responsibility – especially for industries shaping the digital age. The semiconductor sector is vital to power modern life, but its manufacturing footprint is growing, and the need for change is urgent.

Current trends suggest chip production emissions could rise to 168 million metric tons by 2050. E-waste is also climbing, hitting 62 million tonnes in 2022. As more equipment becomes outdated and discarded, the sector must embrace circular practices. This is where refurbishment may help – not only as a sustainable measure, but also as a business strategy.

In an interview, Kenneth Lee Wee Ching, CEO of Global TechSolutions (GTS), stated that sustainability in semiconductors isn’t a future aspiration – it’s a present-day necessity. In a recent conversation, he shared how refurbishment, localisation, and high engineering standards can change how the industry thinks about sustainability.

Localised production and emissions reduction go hand in hand

The global push to localise chip manufacturing is gaining pace. Governments and companies want resilient supply chains, but also cleaner, shorter logistics routes. Southeast Asia is becoming a strategic hub for fabs, and that shift brings sustainability opportunities.

Apple’s recent confirmation of a $900 million tariff impact this quarter underscores the ongoing challenges in global technology supply chains amid shifting trade policies. The tech giant reported first-quarter profits above expectations, but warned that US tariffs could cost the company and disrupt its supply chain. This financial hit comes as Apple diversifies its manufacturing base away from China.

During Apple’s recent earnings call, CEO Tim Cook outlined the company’s approach to managing these tariff pressures. Cook stated that while the tariff impact was “limited” at the start of this year, the company expects US tariffs to cost $900 million in the current quarter. He emphasised the difficulty in making precise predictions due to policy uncertainties.

“We are not able to precisely estimate the impact of tariffs, as we are uncertain of potential future actions before the end of the quarter,” Cook said. “Assuming the current global tariff rates, policies, and applications do not change for the balance of the quarter and no new tariffs are added, we estimate the impact to add $900 million to our costs.”

Supply chain realignment

The Cupertino-based tech giant is actively reconfiguring its manufacturing footprint, with India gaining prominence. Cook said he expected “a majority of iPhones sold in the US will have India as their country of origin,” adding that Apple’s products were exempt from Trump’s most severe “reciprocal” tariffs, for now.

This manufacturing shift represents a significant change for Apple, which has traditionally relied heavily on China. According to reports, Apple already manufactures one in five of its iPhones in India, generating US$22 billion in revenue during the 2024-25 financial year alone. The company expects to import most US-bound iPhones from India by the end of next year.

Analysts note that short-term uncertainties remain. As CNBC reported, Cook was reluctant to make predictions beyond June: “I don’t want to predict the future because I’m not sure what will happen with tariffs,” he said, adding, “it’s very difficult to predict beyond June.”

Multi-country production strategy

Vietnam has also emerged as a key production hub in Apple’s diversification strategy. Cook said Vietnam would be the country of origin for almost all iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, and AirPod products sold in the US. Meanwhile, China will continue to be where most Apple products are made for sale outside the US.

While this approach helps mitigate immediate tariff risks, challenges remain. Both Vietnam and India could potentially face higher tariffs on imported goods by July. Trump previously targeted both countries under his “reciprocal tariffs” announced in April, though these were subsequently paused for 90 days.

Financial performance and market response

Apple’s revenue of US$95.4 billion in the recently ended quarter was driven by iPhone sales, with the company taking in US$17 billion in the China market. Profit for the quarter was US$24.8 billion. However, the market reaction was mixed.

Apple shares slipped more than 3% in after-market trading, highlighting investor concerns about the company’s ability to navigate ongoing tariff uncertainties—despite financial results that exceeded Wall Street expectations.

A ‘Make in India’ opportunity?

The current trade environment presents potential opportunities for India’s manufacturing sector. “Apple proactively built up inventory ahead of anticipated tariff policies,” said Canalys research manager Le Xuan Chiew. “With ongoing fluctuations in reciprocal tariff policies, Apple is likely to further shift US-bound production to India to reduce exposure to future risks.”

This shift aligns with India’s broader manufacturing ambitions, though significant hurdles remain. According to Emarketer analyst Jacob Bourne, Apple’s plan to shift manufacturing to India “raises pressing questions about execution timeline, capacity limitations, and potentially unavoidable cost increases that will shrink margins, be passed to consumers, or have a mix of consequences.”

Vinod Sharma, chairman of the Confederation of Indian Industry’s Committee on Electronics Manufacturing, acknowledged the opportunity but cautioned: “We certainly have a clear advantage. But it would be foolish to think that this opportunity alone will sail us through.” He stressed that policy shifts would be needed to realise the potential gains.

Ongoing challenges

Despite progress in diversifying its manufacturing base, Apple faces significant challenges. A production-linked incentive program introduced in India in 2020, with an outlay of US$23 billion, aimed to raise manufacturing’s share of India’s gross domestic product to 25% by 2025. As of March, the sector’s contribution was 14.3%.

“We have a complex supply chain, there’s always risk in the supply chain,” Cook told analysts. “What we learned some time ago was that having everything in one location had too much risk with it.”

As trade tensions evolve, Apple’s strategic pivot represents both a significant operational challenge and a test of the company’s supply chain expertise. For India, this shift offers an opportunity to increase its role in global electronics manufacturing networks—but success will depend on addressing persistent infrastructure and policy limitations that have historically constrained its manufacturing competitiveness.

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As EV sales surge 25% to 17 million in 2024, battery demand crossed the 1 terawatt-hour mark for the first time. At the same time, the average cost of a battery pack for electric cars fell below $100 per kilowatt-hour – a level many have long seen as the tipping point for cost competitiveness with gas-powered models.

Lower mineral prices have played a big role in this shift. Lithium, in particular, has dropped in price more than 85% from its peak in 2022. However, broader changes in the battery sector are also contributing.

Years of investment have pushed global battery manufacturing capacity to 3 TWh in 2024, and that number could triple in the next five years if current project plans hold. The changes reflect a battery industry that’s scaling up and maturing. What used to be a fragmented, regionally-focused sector is becoming a global system where mass production and standardisation are starting to take hold.

Competitive pressure is more closely aimed at manufacturing efficiency, fast deployment of new technologies, and supply chain partnerships. Industry consolidation is also picking up as governments push to diversify where batteries – and their raw materials – come from.

China continues to dominate the space, now producing more than three-quarters of the world’s batteries. In 2024, battery prices there dropped nearly 30%, making them significantly cheaper than those in Europe and North America. That price gap – over 30% cheaper compared to Europe and more than 20% than the US – is a major reason why many EVs sold in China now undercut combustion-engine cars on price.

Four factors help explain this price advantage. First, China has deep manufacturing experience. The country has produced more than 70% of all EV batteries, allowing major players like CATL and BYD to scale up quickly and maximise their processes.

Second, the country’s battery ecosystem is vertically integrated, from mining and refining to manufacturing equipment and battery assembly, supporting faster development and lower costs. Third, Chinese producers have embraced lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, which are currently roughly 30% cheaper than other mainstream chemistries.

Lastly, fierce competition has kept margins low, forcing manufacturers to reduce prices lower to maintain market share.

But competitive price pressure may not last forever. With margins shrinking, the number of battery manufacturers in China is expected to decline. Larger players will most certainly gain more pricing power, though China is still expected to remain the dominant force in the medium term.

In Europe, high production costs and a less-developed supply chain have led some firms to delay or cancel expansion plans. Battery production in the region is estimated to cost 50% more than in China. Northvolt’s recent bankruptcy has highlighted the problems that smaller firms confront in scaling operations.

However, some Korean manufacturers are beginning to invest in LFP battery production in Europe, aiming to adapt to changing market dynamics and compete with Chinese imports. Meanwhile, Chinese companies are expanding their presence in Europe through joint ventures and local partnerships.

Stellantis’s collaboration with CATL is one example of how LFP battery adoption could be boosted while also reducing the price gap with Chinese competitors. In the middle of all this, CATL has stepped up the pace with a new version of its Shenxing battery. The company says it can deliver over 300 miles of driving range after just five minutes of charging. It’s also designed to handle cold temperatures – a common hurdle for EVs – charging from 5% to 80% in 15 minutes at minus 10 degrees Celsius.

CATL isn’t the only one pushing ultra-fast charging. BYD recently unveiled a system that can deliver 250 miles of range in five minutes, while Tesla’s Superchargers currently offer about 200 miles in 15 minutes. The race for faster charging is seen as important to reducing range anxiety and encouraging more drivers to go electric.

On the other side of the supply chain, South Korea’s LG Energy Solution has pulled out of a major battery investment project in Indonesia. The $8.45 billion venture was originally signed in 2020 as part of the Indonesia Grand Package, aimed at building out the local EV battery supply chain. LG cited market conditions and the investment climate as factors in the decision. While the company will remain involved in an existing joint venture, its broader exit signals a shift in regional investment priorities.

Indonesia, which has some of the world’s richest nickel reserves, remains focused on attracting international investors to help build its battery sector. Local firms have expressed continued interest in collaborating with new partners to meet production goals.

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